Encapsulate probe as singleton class (#16751)

Marlin/src/MarlinCore.cpp

Marlin/src/core/utility.cpp

Marlin/src/feature/bedlevel/ubl/ubl.cpp

Marlin/src/feature/bedlevel/ubl/ubl_G29.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/bedlevel/G42.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/bedlevel/M420.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/bedlevel/abl/G29.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/calibrate/G28.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/calibrate/G33.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/calibrate/G34_M422.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/calibrate/G76_M871.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/calibrate/M48.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/config/M304.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/motion/M290.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/probe/G30.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/probe/G31_G32.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/probe/M401_M402.cpp

Marlin/src/gcode/probe/M851.cpp

...cd/extensible_ui/lib/dgus/DGUSDisplayDefinitionFYSETC.cpp

...d/extensible_ui/lib/dgus/DGUSDisplayDefinitionHIPRECY.cpp