Refine EEPROM types / flags (#17772)

Marlin/src/HAL/AVR/eeprom.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/DUE/HAL.h

Marlin/src/HAL/DUE/eeprom_flash.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/DUE/eeprom_if_flash.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/DUE/eeprom_wired.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/DUE/inc/Conditionals_post.h

Marlin/src/HAL/ESP32/HAL.h

Marlin/src/HAL/ESP32/eeprom.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/ESP32/inc/Conditionals_post.h

Marlin/src/HAL/LINUX/arduino.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/LINUX/include/Arduino.h

Marlin/src/HAL/LPC1768/eeprom_flash.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/LPC1768/eeprom_sdcard.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/LPC1768/eeprom_wired.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/LPC1768/inc/Conditionals_post.h

Marlin/src/HAL/SAMD51/HAL.h

Marlin/src/HAL/SAMD51/eeprom_wired.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/SAMD51/inc/Conditionals_post.h

Marlin/src/HAL/STM32/HAL.h

Marlin/src/HAL/STM32/eeprom_flash.cpp