Cleanup of planner code

- Use named axis indexes, `X_AXIS` etc.
- Replace `block.steps_A` with block.steps[A]`
- Replace `A_segment_time` with `segment_time[A]`
- Add `A_AXIS`, `B_AXIS` for `COREXY` axes
- Conditional compile based on `EXTRUDERS`
- Add BLOCK_MOD macro for planner block indexes
- Apply coding standards to `planner.h` and `planner.cpp`
- Small optimizations of planner code
- Update `stepper.cpp` for new `block` struct
- Replace `memcpy` with loops, let the compiler unroll them
- Make `movesplanned` into an inline function