Use uint8_t in EEPROM code

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_AVR/persistent_store_eeprom.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_DUE/HAL.h

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_DUE/persistent_store_eeprom.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_ESP32/HAL.h

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_LPC1768/arduino.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_LPC1768/include/Arduino.h

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_STM32/HAL.h

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_STM32/persistent_store_impl.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_STM32F1/HAL.h

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_STM32F4/EmulatedEeprom.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_STM32F4/HAL.h

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_STM32F4/persistent_store_eeprom.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_STM32F7/EmulatedEeprom.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_STM32F7/HAL.h

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_STM32F7/persistent_store_eeprom.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_TEENSY31_32/persistent_store_impl.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_TEENSY35_36/persistent_store_eeprom.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/HAL_TEENSY35_36/persistent_store_impl.cpp

Marlin/src/HAL/shared/I2cEeprom.cpp